Sioux - Wikipedia. Sioux. Očhéthi ŠakówiŋTotal population(1. Regions with significant populations. US: (SD, MN, NE, MT, ND, IA, WI, IL, WY)Canada: (MB, SK)Languages. Sioux language (Lakota, Western Dakota, Eastern Dakota), Assiniboine, Stoney, English. Religion. Christianity (incl. Related ethnic groups. Assiniboine, Dakota, Lakota, Nakoda (Stoney), and other Siouan- speaking peoples. The Sioux also known as Dakota, are groups of Native American tribes and First Nations peoples in North America. The term can refer to any ethnic group within the Great Sioux Nation or to any of the nation's many language dialects. The Sioux comprise three major divisions based on language divisions: the Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota. The Santee Dakota (Isáŋyathi; "Knife") reside in the extreme east of the Dakotas, Minnesota and northern Iowa. The Yankton and Yanktonai Dakota (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ and Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna; "Village- at- the- end" and "Little village- at- the- end"), collectively also referred to by the endonym. Wičhíyena, reside in the Minnesota River area. They are considered to be the middle Sioux, and have in the past been erroneously classified as Nakota.[2] The actual Nakota are the Assiniboine and Stoney of Western Canada and Montana. The Lakota, also called Teton (Thítȟuŋwaŋ; possibly "Dwellers on the prairie"), are the westernmost Sioux, known for their hunting and warrior culture. Today, the Sioux maintain many separate tribal governments scattered across several reservations, communities, and reserves in North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota, and Montana in the United States; and Manitoba, southern Saskatchewan, and Alberta in Canada. The upsurge of knowledge about Health and Fitness during the Renaissance was stimulated by a westward migration of Greek scholars, the emergence of wealthy research. A first-of-its-kind comparison of 18th century British nautical charts with modern coral reef databases suggests that reefs were far more widespread throughout the. THE STORY (in brief) of. Tephi, queen of Tara and Gibraltar. (daughter of king Zedekiah of Jerusalem, from the line of king David who slew Goliath). The name "Sioux" was adopted in English by the 1. French. It is abbreviated from Nadouessioux, first attested by Jean Nicolet in 1. The name is sometimes said to be derived from an Ojibwe exonym for the Sioux meaning "little snakes" (compare nadowe "big snakes", used for the Iroquois).[4] The spelling in - x is due to the French plural marker.[5] The Proto- Algonquian form *na·towe·wa, meaning "Northern Iroquoian", has reflexes in several daughter languages that refer to a small rattlesnake (massasauga, Sistrurus).[6] An alternative explanation is derivation from an (Algonquian) exonym na·towe·ssiw (plural na·towe·ssiwak), from a verb *- a·towe· meaning "to speak a foreign language".[5] The current Ojibwe term for the Sioux and related groups is Bwaanag (singular Bwaan), meaning "roasters".[7][8] Presumably, this refers to the style of cooking the Sioux used in the past. Some of the tribes have formally or informally adopted traditional names: the Rosebud Sioux Tribe is also known as the Sičháŋǧu Oyáte, and the Oglala often use the name Oglála Lakȟóta Oyáte, rather than the English "Oglala Sioux Tribe" or OST. The alternative English spelling of Ogallala is considered improper.[3]The historical Sioux referred to the Great Sioux Nation as the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ (pronounced [oˈtʃʰetʰi ʃaˈkowĩ]), meaning "Seven Council Fires". Each fire was a symbol of an oyate (people or nation). The seven nations that comprise the Sioux are: Bdewákaŋthuŋwaŋ (Mdewakanton), Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ (Wahpeton), Waȟpékhute (Wahpekute), Sisíthuŋwaŋ (Sisseton), the Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ (Yankton), Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna (Yanktonai), and the Thítȟuŋwaŋ (Teton or Lakota).[3] The Seven Council Fires would assemble each summer to hold council, renew kinships, decide tribal matters, and participate in the Sun Dance.[9] The seven divisions would select four leaders known as Wičháša Yatápika from among the leaders of each division.[9] Being one of the four leaders was considered the highest honor for a leader; however, the annual gathering meant the majority of tribal administration was cared for by the usual leaders of each division. The last meeting of the Seven Council Fires was in 1. Today the Teton, Santee (mixture of the four Dakota tribes) and the Minnesota Dakota, and Yankton/Yanktonai are usually known, respectively, as the Lakota, Eastern Dakota, or Western Dakota.[3][1. In any of the three main dialects, Lakota or Dakota translate to mean "friend" or "ally", referring to the alliance that once bound the Great Sioux Nation. History[edit]First contact with Europeans[edit]The Dakota are first recorded to have resided at the source of the Mississippi River during the seventeenth century.[1. By 1. 70. 0 some had migrated to present- day South Dakota.[1. Late in the 1. 7th century, the Dakota entered into an alliance with French merchants.[1. The French were trying to gain advantage in the struggle for the North American fur trade against the English, who had recently established the Hudson's Bay Company. Relationship with French traders[edit]The first recorded encounter between the Sioux and the French occurred when Radisson and Groseilliers reached what is now Wisconsin during the winter of 1. Later visiting French traders and missionaries included Claude- Jean Allouez, Daniel Greysolon Duluth, and Pierre- Charles Le Sueur who wintered with Dakota bands in early 1. In 1. 73. 6 a group of Sioux killed Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye and twenty other men on an island in Lake of the Woods.[1. However, trade with the French continued until after the French gave up North America in 1. Relationship with Pawnees[edit]Author and historian Mark van de Logt wrote: "Although military historians tend to reserve the concept of "total war" for conflicts between modern industrial nations, the term nevertheless most closely approaches the state of affairs between the Pawnees and the Sioux and Cheyennes. Both sides directed their actions not solely against warrior- combatants but against the people as a whole. Noncombatants were legitimate targets. It is within this context that the military service of the Pawnee Scouts must be viewed."[1. The battle of Massacre Canyon on August 5, 1. Pawnee and the Sioux.[1. Dakota War of 1. 86. By 1. 86. 2, shortly after a failed crop the year before and a winter starvation, the federal payment was late. The local traders would not issue any more credit to the Santee and one trader, Andrew Myrick, went so far as to say, "If they're hungry, let them eat grass."[1. On August 1. 7, 1. Dakota War began when a few Santee men murdered a white farmer and most of his family. They inspired further attacks on white settlements along the Minnesota River. The Santee attacked the trading post. Later settlers found Myrick among the dead with his mouth stuffed full of grass.[1. On November 5, 1. Minnesota, in courts- martial, 3. Santee Sioux were found guilty of rape and murder of hundreds of American settlers. They were sentenced to be hanged. No attorneys or witnesses were allowed as a defense for the accused, and many were convicted in less than five minutes of court time with the judge.[2. President Abraham Lincoln commuted the death sentences of 2. Santee men on December 2. Mankato, Minnesota. It was the largest mass- execution in U. S. history, on US soil.[2. Afterwards, the US suspended treaty annuities to the Dakota for four years and awarded the money to the white victims and their families. The men remanded by order of President Lincoln were sent to a prison in Iowa, where more than half died.[2. During and after the revolt, many Santee and their kin fled Minnesota and Eastern Dakota to Canada, or settled in the James River Valley in a short- lived reservation before being forced to move to Crow Creek Reservation on the east bank of the Missouri.[2. A few joined the Yanktonai and moved further west to join with the Lakota bands to continue their struggle against the United States military.[2. Others were able to remain in Minnesota and the east, in small reservations existing into the 2. Sisseton- Wahpeton, Flandreau, and Devils Lake (Spirit Lake or Fort Totten) Reservations in the Dakotas. Some ended up in Nebraska, where the Santee Sioux Reservation today has a reservation on the south bank of the Missouri. Those who fled to Canada now have descendants residing on nine small Dakota Reserves, five of which are located in Manitoba (Sioux Valley, Long Plain, Dakota Tipi, Birdtail Creek, and Oak Lake [Pipestone]) and the remaining four (Standing Buffalo, Moose Woods [White Cap], Round Plain [Wahpeton], and Wood Mountain) in Saskatchewan. Red Cloud's War[edit]Red Cloud's War (also referred to as the Bozeman War) was an armed conflict between the Lakota and the United States Army in the Wyoming Territory and the Montana Territory from 1. The war was fought over control of the Powder River Country in north central Wyoming.
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